In the course of exploring the possibilities of new, more efficient
techniques of magic I was struck by the fact that a structuralist
view of the history of magic to date might prove helpful. After all,
magicians have always aspired to restate the theory and practice of
magic in the language of their times i.e. in different models
pertaining to current world views.
There is, however, some risk involved in such an approach: models do not
really explain anything, they are only illustrations of processes,
albeit rather useful ones. What's more, over-systematization tends to
obfuscate more than it clarifies and one should not mistake the map
for the landscape anyway, a fallacy a great many kabbalists seem to
be prone to.
Thus, the following five (or rather: four plus one) models of magic should
be seen as a means of understanding the practical possibilities of
various magical systems rather than as definitive theories and/or
explanations of the way magic works.
It has proved effective in practice to view magic under the following categories:
THE SPIRIT MODEL
THE ENERGY MODEL
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL
THE INFORMATION MODEL
THE META-MODEL
***
THE SPIRIT MODEL
This is purportedly the oldest model of magic though it may very well
have come into existence after or simultaneously with the energy
model. We can find it worldwide in shamanic cultures as well as in
many religions. Its basic premise is the existence of an otherworld
inhabited by more or less autonomous entities such as spirits,
angels, demons, gods etc. The shaman or magician is someone
who can enter this otherworld at will, who has travelled widely in
it, knows its language and customs and has made friends, smitten
enemies and/or acquired allies and servitors there. This is important
as all magic is of these entities' making. The modern German word for
witch, "Hexe" (f.) illustrates this
rather neatly if we take a closer look at its etymology. It derives
from Old High German "hagazussa" which translates as
"fence rider". The hagazussa is riding the "fence
between the worlds" i.e. she is at home in the world of everyday
life as well as in the magical otherworld of spirits.
In the spirit model magic is seen as being effected by these entities
who are usually invisible, at least to the average punter, and it is
the shaman's or magician's task to make them put his will into
effect. This may be done by prayer, by barter, by cajoling or even -
vide medieval demon magic - by the application of magical force,
threats and pressure.
The otherworld may have its own geography but it is usually considered
to coexist with the world of everyday life. The key to entering it is
an altered state of consciousness, controlled trance or ecstasy of
which the shaman is an expert.
The spirit model has prevailed in traditionalist or Dogmatic magic until
today, some of its most noted exponents being Franz Bardon and, at
least to a great extent, Aleister Crowley.
THE ENERGY MODEL
The rise of the energy model in the West is marked primarily by the
appearance of Mesmerism towards the end of the 18th century. Anton
Mesmer, who was not an occultist but who was on the other hand
regarded by his contemporaries to be a "miracle worker" of
sorts, rediscovered amongst other things the ancient healing
disciplines of hypnosis and magnetism. He popularized his theory of
"animal magnetism" which he saw as a subtle force inherent
in organisms, but he also made heavy use of metal magnets for healing purposes.
While the French Revolution put a temporary end to Mesmer's movement, his
ideas were not lost. They were taken up by a number of others,
primarily occultists, who drew on them while developing their own
theories of magic. One of the first to do so was Bulwer Lytton of the
Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia (SRIA), who postulated the existence
of a subtle energy which he termed Vril, possibly deriving from Latin
virilitas or "force, power, strength". (This was actually
the model for the naming of Bovril, from Latin "bovis" or
"ox", and Vril or "life force".) We can observe
interesting parallels to this concept in the vitalist theories of
biology which emerged around the same time. Other exponents of the
energy model of magic (not then so termed) were Reichenbach with his
concept of Od, Eliphas Levi and his Astral Light and Mme. Blavatsky,
who adopted the theories of Prana from Yoga physiology. This was also
the time when anthropology and ethnology discovered the Polynesian
concept of Mana and Asiatic scholars began to concern themselves with
the Chinese principle of Ki or Ch'i (Chi). The latter two go to show,
of course, that the idea of subtle energies utilized by magic is far
older than the 18th century. In fact, we can observe it already in
early shamanic cultures. Shamanic magic is very frequently a mixture
between spirit and energy model, e.g. the shaman may call upon his
spirits or gods to give him "power" or he may, vice versa,
use his power to extort favours from them.
In its pure form, however, the shaman or magician is not in need of
spirits and other entities. The world is viewed as being
"vitalized" by subtle forces or energies and his primary
task consists in mastering the art of perceiving and manipulating
them. As all phenomena are basically energetic in nature, the
existence of an otherworld is not strictly required. Thus, the
magician is more of an "energy dancer" than a "fence
rider" or go-between. But even here the key to the perception,
charging and general utilization of these forces is again the magical
trance or, as Chaos Magic terms it, gnosis.
Theories and practices pertaining to the energy model can be found with many
magical authors but it has seen its real, large scale popularity only
since the seventies of our century when the general influx of Eastern
thinking (pace the Hippie movement) made concepts such as chakra and
kundalini work a mainstay of most occult disciplines. Strong energy
model elements can also be found in Franz Bardon's system of
"electromagnetic fluids", "condensators" etc.
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL
Sigmund Freud's theory of the subconscious revolutionized Western thinking
in general and psychology (which he did not, as some people are wont
to believe, invent all by himself) in particular. Suddenly, man was
seen as a being which was only partially conscious
and in control of itself. While psychology is still fighting for its
academical recognition as a science, it has stamped its mark on
therapeutic disciplines - and on magic.
The psychological model of magic does not purport to explain how magic
works, its only premise is that the subconscious (or, as Carl Jung
later retagged it, the unconscious) will do the job if it is properly
addressed and/or conditioned. This again is achieved by magical
trance, suggestion and the use of symbols (i.e. selective sensory
input) as tools of association and as a means of communication
between the magician's conscious will and his subconscious faculty
responsible for putting it into effect.
Aleister Crowley dabbled a great deal in the psychological model which comes
as no surprise as he not only tried to keep up with all major
academic disciplines of his time but thought himself to be the
world's greatest psychologist into the bargain. But all considered he
remained a traditionalist exponent of the spirit model: after all
Aiwass was, in his belief, a praeternatural entity. Nevertheless he
did have a knack of explaining magic in psychological terms to make
it sound sensible to the sceptics of his time.
A more radical approach was taken by Austin Osman Spare whose sigil
magic rests on the basic tenets of the psychological model. Spare's
brilliant system is in principle an inversion of Freud's theory of
complexes: by actively suppressing his will in the form of a
graphical sigil and forgetting it, the magician creates an artificial
"complex" which then starts to work on similar lines just
as suppressed, subconscious traumas will cause neurotic behaviour etc.
The psychological magician is a programmer of symbols and different
states of consciousness. He is not necessarily in need of a
transcendent otherworld or even subtle energies, though in practice
he will usually work on the assumption that one or the other (or
both) do in fact exist and can be utilized by his subconscious.
Authors such as Israel Regardie, Dion Fortune, William Butler, Francis King,
William Gray and to some extent Pete Carroll subscribe to the
psychological model which seems to be the primary domain of the
English speaking world of magic and which has become the prevailing
paradigm ever since the seventies of this century.
THE INFORMATION MODEL
The information model of magic is being developed since about 1987 and
there is still considerable debate about the direction it shall ultimately take.
Its basic premises to date are as follows:
a) Energy as such is "dumb": it needs information on what to do; this can be so called laws of nature or direct commands.
b) Information does not have mass or energy. Thus, it is faster than light and not bound by the restrictions of the Einsteinian spacetime continuum. It can therefore be transmitted or tapped at all times and at all places. In analogy (but of course only as such!) it may be likened to quantum phenomena rather than relativistic mass-energy. It can, however, attach itself to a medium e.g. an organism or any other memory storage device.
At the start of the theoretical debate it was still believed that the
postulation of morphic (or, more precisely, morphogenetic) fields as
hypothesized by Rupert Sheldrake had to be an essential factor by way
of explaining the mode of actual information transmittance. This,
however, while still being discussed, does not appear to be strictly
prerogative though it cannot be not ruled out that an act of
information magic may create such fields. It does seem more probable,
though, that the concept of information matrices will prove to be the
most promising theory in the long run.
The application of the as yet evolving information model has led to the
discipline I have termed Cybermagic (from "cybernetics" or
the "science of control systems"). Contrary to the other
models described above, Cybermagic does not rely on magical trance to
achieve its effects. Rather, the Cybermagician activates either his
own main memory banks, namely brain and spine (the Golf-club chakra,
so-called because of its shape reminiscent of a golf-club) or those
of the target person. The desired information is then called up and
transmitted quite similarly to a copy command on an MS-DOS [NOTE: Keep
in mind that this article was written during the archaic
Pre-Windows/Internet, MS-DOS days. - L. Hawkwind]
computer. The copy command analogy holds good insofar as the
information (not having mass) is not actually "lost" in the
process (as energy would be) but rather is duplicated. This is an
important point as it allows for the magician to perform his magic
even in a state of very low physical power, possibly even when almost
completely intoxicated, as long as his basic "life support
systems" are still functional and the command syntax is employed correctly.
It is, however, obvious that this technique demands a fair control of
what used to be termed kundalini effects and practice has shown ever
and again that a good amount of Yoga and meditation experience is a
great help in achieving to Cybermagic.
Unfortunately, the full theory and practice of Cybermagic cannot be described here
due to lack of space and will thus have to be the subject of a
separate article to be published later. To date the main experimental
research work is being done within the Magical Pact of the
Illuminates of Thanateros (IOT) and some quite astounding results
have already been achieved, especially in the field of language and
knowledge transfer as well as magical healing.
In spite of its very modern, untraditionalist outlook the basic
principles of Cybermagic may in truth well be the oldest form of
magic extant. For we can, for example, find a number of reports in
the East to the effect of a guru transferring all his knowledge to
his successor before his death, which is usually achieved by an act
of long, mutual meditation.
This goes to show that magic as a whole has always existed in many,
coexisting models. What has changed, however, is the stress laid on
one model or the other in the course of time.
THE META-MODEL
The meta-model of magic is not a model as such but rather an instruction
on the use of the others. For its only advice to the magician is:
"Always use the model most adequate to your aims." This may
sound a bit trite but we will see that it is not quite as
self-evident amongst magicians as one might expect. It is rooted in
Chaos magic's assertion "Nothing is true. Everything is
permitted", which ultimately boils down to pragmatic
utilitarianism. Before this aspect is enlarged upon, though, let us
look at an example of the models presented here as applied in practice.
We shall take the situation of magical healing to demonstrate how these
models differ from each other.
In the spirit model healing is regarded as an exorcism: illness is
caused by "evil" or, at least, undesired entities which
have to be neutralized and removed by the shaman or magician. In the
case of a patient with a heart condition the shaman may, for example,
"see" a green lizard in the vicinity of the heart which
must be removed. To achieve this the shaman will usually call upon
the help of his own spirits who will then handle the matter. Properly
exorcised, the patient has been freed from the cause of his ailment
and can recuperate.
In the energy model ailments are seen to be caused by energetic
imbalance. Thus, our heart patient may have too much (or too little)
"fire energy" in his heart chakra, and the magician's task
consists of restoring that balance of energies commonly defined as
"health". This he may do by laying on hands, by using
crystals and precious stones, by magnetism or chakra massage etc. The
balance having been restored, the patient is regarded as having been healed.
In the psychological model illness is considered to be basically
psychosomatic in nature. The magician will, therefore, either do a
ritual work with the patient which enhances his stamina and resolves
his troubles (e.g. a Saturn ritual to cope with "Saturnian
challenges" the patient is seen to have avoided by becoming ill)
or he will charge a sigil for the patient's health. Preferably he
will instruct the patient to construct and charge his own sigil.
In the information model the Cybermagician will transmit an
informational "healing matrix" into the patient's system
(or somehow create a "morphic field" of health and
self-healing) and let the patient's energies take it from there to do
the job of their own accord i.e. automatically. This rests on the
assumption that the energies are still powerful enough to get the
work done, otherwise he will either jump back into the energy model
to provide the patient with the additional energies required or
install another information matrix to create an influx of the power desired.
Following the meta-model the magician will decide beforehand in which paradigm
he will begin his operation. This must not necessarily exclude the
possibility of shifting the paradigms in midwork or of blending them,
of course. Usually, the decision is taken on the lines of expediency,
efficiency and personal preference. Thus, I personally find healing
work with patients easier within the spirit or energy model, while I
do seem to get better results with self-healing employing either the
psychological or the information model. Then again, cybermagical work
tends to take up to two days to show noticeable effects so that it
may be more expedient to go for laying on hands when pain is very acute.
Another important point is the time factor. While traditionalist rituals in
the spirit model may take from half a day to weeks and even months,
operations in the energy model seldomly take much longer than a few
hours at the most. If we take Spare's sigil magic as an example for a
very fast technique within the psychological model, the operation can
be over and done with within five to ten minutes. Information magical
operations on the other hand only take up about three quarters of a
second, a time span which can be cut even shorter by an experienced Cybermagician.
Self-evident as the meta-model may seem, in practice many people seem to feel
somewhat uncomfortable with its inherent relativism. This is very
much the case with beginners in magic. A typical dialogue on the
subject might run on the following lines:
"Are there spirits?"
"In the spirit model, yes."
"And in the energy model?"
"In the energy model there are subtle energy forms."
"And what about the psychological model?"
"Well, in the psychological model we are dealing with projections of the subconscious."
"What happens in the information model, then?"
"In the information model there are information clusters."
"Yes, but are there spirits now or not?"
"In the spirit model, yes."
This logical loop is, of course, usually experienced as a pretty
frustrating exercise; but while the asker claims that the magician is
trying to avoid the issue he is at the same time overlooking the fact
that he himself is basically only restating the old yen for absolute,
"objective" truths - not really a quantum magical approach,
to say the least. However, the aspiring cyberpunk magician of today
cannot expect to be spared the pains of coming to terms with the
notion that freedom and dogma are mutually exclusive.
UBIQUE DAEMON .'. UBIQUE DEUS .'.
(c) copyright 1991 by Frater U.'.D.'. All rights reserved.
==================================================================
Frater U.'.D.'., one of Germany's leading exponents of contemporary
magic, is the author of "PRACTICAL SIGIL MAGIC" and
"SECRETS OF THE GERMAN SEX MAGICIANS" (forthcoming). The essay
above will be part of his next book, "DANCE OF THE PARADIGMS.
A CHAOS MAGICK PRIMER."
(All books: LLEWELLYN's PUBLICATIONS, St. Paul, Minn.)
=================================================================
* Origin: ChaosBox: Nichts ist wahr, Alles ist erlaubt. (2:243/2)